Cardiovascular Disease and Psoriasis
Alan Menter, MD
The epidemiologic association of psoriasis with cardiovascular (CV) risk is well known.1 Recent studies have illuminated the pathophysiology underlying this association. Additionally, biologic agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for psoriasis therapy have the potential to reduce the risk of CV events in patients with psoriasis.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, and psoriasis are all systemic inflammatory disorders. Psoriasis is associated with an elevated risk for obesity2 and myocardial infarction (MI),1 as well as with multiple CV risk factors.2 Severe psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of CV death independent of CV risk factors.3,4
Imaging has revealed significantly more vascular inflammation in patients with severe psoriasis (n=4; body surface area >10%) compared with age- and sex-matched controls (n=4). A nested case-control study used [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) to detect and compare systemic inflammation in the study participants. FDG-PET/CT revealed increased inflammation in multiple aorta segments, including the coronary, hepatic, renal, and femoral arteries compared with controls. The difference remained significant after adjustment for CV risk factors (P<0.001).5,6
Chronic inflammation may explain why the Framingham Risk Score underestimated the 10-year incidence of CVD events in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Actual 10-year cumulative incidence of CVD events in a population-based cohort of 126 patients with psoriatic arthritis and no history of CV events was 17% (95% CI, 10-24), nearly twice as high as that predicted by the Framingham Risk Score.7
Highlights of the 43rd Annual Hawaii Dermatology Seminar
This journal supplement is intended for dermatologists, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, physician assistants, and other clinicians who practice medical dermatology and aesthetic medicine.
Supported by educational grants from:
Ortho Dermatologics, LEO Pharma Inc., and Galderma Laboratories, L.P.
Activity Information
Expired
Original Release Date: August 2019
Expiration Date: August 31, 2021
Estimated Time to Complete Activity: 2.0 hours
Expired
Participants should read the activity information, review the activity in its entirety, and complete the online post-test and evaluation. Upon completing this activity as designed and achieving a passing score on the post-test, you will be directed to a Web page that will allow you to receive your certificate of credit via e-mail or you may print it out at that time.
The online post-test and evaluation can be accessed at https://tinyurl.com/HDS19Supp.
Inquiries about continuing medical education (CME) accreditation may be directed to the University of Louisville Office of Continuing Medical Education & Professional Development (CME & PD) at [email protected] louisville.edu or 502-852-5329.
CME/CE Accreditation Statements
Physicians: This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint providership of the University of Louisville School of Medicine and Global Academy for Medical Education, LLC. The University of Louisville School of Medicine is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing education for physicians.
The University of Louisville School of Medicine designates this enduring activity for a maximum of 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Nurses
Joint Provider Accreditation Statement
In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by Postgraduate Institute for Medicine and Global Academy for Medical Education, LLC. Postgraduate Institute for Medicine is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) to provide continuing education for the health care team.
Continuing Nursing Education
The maximum number of hours awarded for this Continuing Nursing Education activity is 2.5 contact hours. Designated for 2.4 hours of pharmacotherapy credit for advanced practice nurses.
Educational Needs
Dermatologists can benefit from education on recent developments in many areas of clinical practice. In psoriasis treatment, nearly all patients are prescribed topical therapies. New medications using improved vehicles and fixed-dose combinations have become available, and more are in development. New research linking psoriasis and risk of cardiovascular disease has provided a better understanding of the underlying pathological mechanism and the potential benefit of anti-inflammatory treatment. Recent epidemiologic data on atopic dermatitis in adults have important implications for diagnosis and treatment. In acne treatment, several efficacious systemic treatments are underutilized, and education on their risks and benefits may improve clinical practice. In the treatment of skin cancer, dermatologists should consider several systemic treatments in addition to surgery. Finally, a new botulinum toxin became available recently, and others are in development.
Learning Objectives
At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be better able to:
- Describe recent data on psoriasis treatment, including new vehicles for topical treatments, fixed-dose combination therapies, and investigational topical medications
- Review the relationship between psoriasis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the potential effects of psoriasis treatment on CVD risk
- Describe current research on the temporal patterns of atopic dermatitis onset and resolution and the differences in diagnosis and treatment approach for adult and pediatric patients
- Analyze the efficacy and safety of systemic therapies for acne
- Assess the current nonsurgical treatments for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and localized melanoma
- Review the options for confirming the diagnosis and data on the use of topical and systemic treatments in the management of onychomycosis
- Assess the advantages and disadvantages of available botulinum toxins used to address patient concerns about facial aging
Disclosure Declarations
Individuals in a position to control the content of this educational activity are required to disclose: (1) the existence of any relevant financial relationship with any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients with the exemption of nonprofit or government organizations and non–health-carerelated companies, within the past 12 months; and (2) the identification of a commercial product/device that is unlabeled for use or an investigational use of a product/device not yet approved.
Nathaniel J. Jellinek, MD, has indicated he has nothing to disclose.
Michael S. Kaminer, MD, has indicated he is a Consultant for Artic Fox, Cutera, Cytrellis, Endo, L’Oréal, Soliton, and Zeltiq.
Alan Menter, MD, has indicated he is on the Speakers Bureau for AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, and OrthoDoc.
Jonathan I. Silverberg, MD, PhD, MPH, has indicated he is on the Speakers Bureau for Regeneron/Sanofi; is a Consultant, and/or Advisory Board member for AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Asana, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Glenmark, Kiniksa, LEO, Menlo, Pfizer, Realm, and Regeneron Sanofi; and has received Grant/Contracted Research Support from GlaxoSmithKline.
Linda F. Stein Gold, MD, has indicated she is on the Speakers Bureau for Galderma, LEO, Mayne, Pfizer, Sanofi/Regeneron, Taro, and Valeant; is a Consultant for Foamix, Galderma, LEO, Mayne, Menlo, Pfizer, Sanofi/ Regeneron, Sol-Gel, Taro, and Valeant; and has received Grant/Contracted Research Support from Foamix, Janssen, LEO, Menlo, Pfizer, and Valeant.
Christopher B. Zachary, MBBS, FRCP, has indicated he is a Consultant for Allergan, Candela, Sciton, and Solta.
University of Louisville CME & PD Advisory Board and Staff Disclosures: The University of Louisville CME & PD Advisory Board and office staff have nothing to disclose, with the following Board Member exceptions: Sathya Krishnasamy, MD – Novo Nordisk (Grant Funding); Ashlee Bergin, MD – Merck Pharmaceuticals (Speaking); Michael Sowell, MD – Amgen (Speaking) and Impax Pharmaceuticals (Grant Funding); Rainer Lenhardt, MD – CSL Behring, Mallinckrodt, and Merck (Speaking).
CME/CE Reviewers: Courtney R. Schadt, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Chief of Dermatology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, has nothing to disclose.
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine planners and managers have nothing to disclose.
Global Academy for Medical Education Staff: Shirley V. Jones, MBA; Eileen A. McCaffrey, MA; and Margaret McLaughlin, PhD, have nothing to disclose.
Off-Label/Investigational Use Disclosure
This CME/CE activity discusses the off-label use of certain approved medications as well as data from clinical trials on investigational agents. Such material is identified within the text of the articles.
References
- Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA. 2006;296(14):1735-1741.
- Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(5):829-835.
- Mehta NN, Azfar RS, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(8):1000-1006.
- Elmets CA, Leonardi CL, Davis DMR, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with awareness and attention to comorbidities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1073-1113.
- Mehta NN, Yu Y, Saboury B, et al. Systemic and vascular inflammation in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis as measured by [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographycomputed tomography (FDG-PET/CT): a pilot study. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(9):1031-1039.
- Kivelevitch D, Schussler JM, Menter A, et al. Coronary plaque characterization in psoriasis. Circulation. 2017;136(3):277-280.
- Ernste FC, Sanchez-Menendez M, Wilton KM, Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Maradit Kremers H. Cardiovascular risk profile at the onset of psoriatic arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(7):1015-1021.
- Mansouri B, Kivelevitch D, Natarajan B, et al. Comparison of coronary artery calcium scores between patients with psoriasis and type 2 diabetes. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(11):1244-1253.
- Ahlehoff O, Skov L, Gislason G, et al. Cardiovascular disease event rates in patients with severe psoriasis treated with systemic anti-inflammatory drugs: a Danish real-world cohort study. J Intern Med. 2013;273(2):197-204.
- Wu JJ, Poon KT, Channual JC, Shen A. Association between tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy and myocardial infarction risk in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(11):1244-1250.
- Wu JJ, Guerin A, Sundaram M, Dea K, Cloutier M, Mulani P. Cardiovascular event risk assessment in psoriasis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors versus methotrexate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(1):81-90.
- Wu JJ, Sundaram M, Cloutier M, et al. The risk of cardiovascular events in psoriasis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors versus phototherapy: an observational cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(1):60-68.
- Lee MP, Desai RJ, Jin Y, Brill G, Ogdie A, Kim SC. Association of ustekinumab vs TNF inhibitor therapy with risk of atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events in patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Mar 27 [Epub ahead of print].
- Ryan C, Leonardi CL, Krueger JG, et al. Association between biologic therapies for chronic plaque psoriasis and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2011;306(8):864-871.
- Elnabawi YA, Dey AK, Goyal A, et al. Coronary artery plaque characteristics and treatment with biologic therapy in severe psoriasis: results from a prospective observational study. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115(4):721-728.
- Frieder J, Ryan C. Psoriasis and cardiovascular disorders. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016;151(6):678-693.
- Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al, for the CANTOS Trial Group. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119-1131.
- Zhao TX, Mallat Z. Targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(13):1691-1706.
Disclosures
Alan Menter, MD, has indicated he is on the Speakers Bureau for AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, and OrthoDoc.